TheGermaninvasionofPolandin1939filledneighbouringLithuaniawithJewishrefugees,whoneededtransitvisastoescapefromHitler'sadvancingtroops.Butnogovernmentwaswillingtoissuethem.
ChiuneSugihara,aJapaneseconsulinLithuania,decidedtohelptherefugeesagainsttheexpressordersofhisgovernment.FromJulytoAugust1940,hewroteandissuedtotherefugeesmorethan300visasaday.Finally,TokyotoldhimtoleaveLithuania.Accordingtowitnesses,hewasstillwritingvisasafterboardingthetrain,throwingthemoutofthewindowintothecrowdofrefugeesevenasthetrainpulledout.
MostoftherescuedJewsstayedinJapanuntiltheyweresenttoJapanese-heldShanghai.Sugihara'seffortssavedanestimated10,000JewsfromtheHolocaust.
一九三九年,德國入侵波蘭,鄰國立陶宛擠滿了逃來的猶太難民。為了躲避繼續挺進的希特勒軍隊,這些難民須有過境簽證,但沒有一個政府願意發簽證給他們。
立陶宛日本領事杉原千畝決定違背日本政府的明令,給那些難民援手,由一九四○年七月到八月,每天給難民簽發三百多個簽證。最後,東京把他調離立陶宛。目擊者說,上了火車之後,杉原仍然在簽簽證,火車開出車站時,把簽證從窗口擲到難民群中。
獲救的難民多數淹留日本,到後來被送到日本佔領的上海。賴杉原協助逃過納粹大屠殺的猶太人,估計有十萬左右。