TheconstructionofthePanamaCanalwasbegunin1881bytheFrenchPanamaCanalCompany,whichboughtaColombiancanal-buildingconcession.However,constructionworkwashamperedbymalariaandyellowfever,whichkilled22000workers,andtheFrenchcompanywentbankruptin1889.
Intheearly1900s,theFrenchofferedtheUStherightstothePanamanianproject,butColombiarefusedtheUSterms.In1903,UStroopshelpedPanamagainindependencefromColombia,andtookpossessionjoftheCanalZone.USpresidentTheodoreRooseveltaskedAttorneyGeneralPhilanderKnoxtosearchforalegaljustificationforthetakeover.
"MrPresident,"Knoxanswered,"donotletsogreatanachievementsufferfromanytaintoflegality."
法國巴拿馬運河公司向哥倫比亞當局買得運河建築權,一八八一年動工,但由於瘧疾、黃熱病肆虐,二萬二千工人死亡,工程延誤,運河公司更於一八八九年破產。
一九○○年代初,法國把巴拿馬運河建築權讓給美國,但哥倫比亞拒絕美國建運河的條件。一九○三年,美軍協助巴拿馬脫離哥倫比亞獨立,接管了運河區。美國總統提峨多.羅斯福請司法部長菲闌德.諾克斯為接管事宜尋找法律理據。
諾克斯回答:「總統先生,不要講什麼法律吧,否則會污辱偉大的佔領行動。」
【附注】巴拿馬運河一九一四年築成,二○○○年才交還巴拿馬管治。