In813,theBulgarKhanKrumbesiegedConstantinople.TheByzantineEmperor,LeoV,unabletodriveawayhisenemy,agreedtotalkterms.HeinvitedKrumtocomenearthecityandtherehewouldmeethim,bothmentobeaccompaniedbyjustthreeunarmedattendants.ButLeohadnointentionofplayingfair,andfillednearbyhouseswithsoldierswhowouldkillKrumonagivensignal.
ThenextdayKrumarrivedbyhorse,andoneofLeo'sattendantsremovedhishelmet,whichwasthesignalforthesoldierstoattack.UnknowntotheByzantines,uncoveringone'sheadinthekhan'spresencewasasignofseveredisrespect.Krumtookinstantoffence,mountedhishorseandrodeaway,justastheByzantinesoldierslyinginambushrushedout.Krummadegoodhisescapeamidstahailofarrows.
公元八一三年,保加利亞可汗克魯姆將兵圍攻君士坦丁堡,拜占庭帝國君主利奧五世無法退敵,答應商談媾和條件,邀請克魯姆到圍城附近見面,並約定各帶三名隨從,俱不攜武器。但利奧無意守約,在附近房子埋伏甲兵,叫他們看見信號就襲殺克魯姆。
第二天,克魯姆騎馬到來,利奧一個隨從即脫去頭盔:這是出擊的信號。但拜占庭人不知道,在可汗跟前脫帽,是對他的極大蔑視。克魯姆一見,勃然大怒,翻身上馬,掉頭而去。伏兵這時正衝出來,克魯姆就在一陣箭雨之中逃脫。
【附注】拜占庭帝國即東羅馬帝國,建都君士坦丁堡,一四五三年覆亡。克魯姆攻君士坦丁堡不下,八一四年身死陣中。