「修身、齊家、治國、平天下」英文怎樣說?
漢學家JamesLegg把「身修而後家齊,家齊而後國治,國治而後天下平」這段《大學》章句翻譯如下:Theirpersonsbeingcultivated,theirfamilieswereregulated.Theirfamiliesbeingregulated,theirstateswererightlygoverned.Theirstatesbeingrightlygoverned,thewholekingdomwasmadetranquilandhappy。要簡潔一點,修齊治平之道可翻譯如下:Universalpeacemustbeprecededbynationalharmony;nationalharmony,byfamilialsolidarity;andfamilialsolidarity,bypersonalintegrity。
最近讀到Thesunsankinthewest.Itgrewdarkeranddarker(夕陽西下,天色越來越暗)二語。太陽西下是自然定律,sank為甚麼不改為sinks?
這位讀者顯然誤解了轉述語法(indirectspeech)的規則。根據這些規則,某人說的事物假如恒久不變,或轉述時仍未改變,則可用現在式動詞。例如"Waterfreezesat0degreesCelsius,"hesaid和"I'msingle,"shesaid這兩句,可轉述如下:Hesaidwaterfreezesat0degreesCelsius(他說水會在攝氏零度結冰)、Shesaidjustnowthatsheissingle(她剛才說她是獨身的)。
但假如是說某一天的現象,則無論這現象是不是恒久不變的自然定律,都必須用過去式動詞來說,例如:Itwassocoldthatmorningthatthewaterfroze(那天早上冷得水都結冰了)。讀者示下的一句,是說某個黃昏所見,所以也用了過去式動詞。